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Bluetooth streamingBluetooth enabled music players offer the ability to wirelessly stream music to other Bluetooth enabled devices equipped with the Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP), including headphones, speakers, car stereo systems, PCs, phones and other MP3 players. Some manufacturers are also integrating the technology into bicycle, motorcycle, snowboard and other activity helmets that have built-in stereo headphones.
A2DP - Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)This profile defines how multimedia audio can be streamed from one device to another over a Bluetooth connection. For example, music can be streamed from a mobile phone, to a wireless headset, hearing aid & cochlear implant streamer, car audio, or from a laptop/desktop to a wireless headset.
The Audio/Video Remote Control (AVRCP) profile is often used in conjunction with A2DP for remote control on devices such as headphones, car audio systems, or stand-alone speaker units. These systems may also include microphones and use Headset (HSP) or Hands-Free (HFP) profiles for voice calling.
A2DP is designed to transfer a uni-directional 2-channel stereo audio stream, like music from an MP3 player, to a headset or car radio.[1] This profile relies on AVDTP and GAVDP. It includes mandatory support for the low-complexity SBC codec (not to be confused with Bluetooth's voice-signal codecs such as CVSDM), and supports optionally: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AAC, and ATRAC, and is extensible to support manufacturer-defined codecs, such as apt-X. Some Bluetooth stacks enforce the SCMS-T digital rights management (DRM) scheme. In these cases, it is impossible to connect certain A2DP headphones for high quality audio.
Making bluetooth-audio sound greatThe audio quality of a Bluetooth device depends on several factors, including what parameters are used while implementing the A2DP profile, how well the product is designed, and the quality of materials used in the device.
When engineers add Bluetooth technology to their devices, they have a choice of how to implement the Bluetooth audio specification. They can choose a high bit rate for the best audio quality or a lower bit rate to save on manufacturing costs. We allow some flexibility in the implementation in order to allow companies to produce products at different price points.
Bluetooth: Sufficient fidelity even for average listeners?Bluetooth A2DP has a maximum available bandwidth of 768 kbps. So, audio compression is necessary to deliver two-channel digital-stereo sound. Myriad compression technologies are currently available, each targeting and offering benefits in specific applications. However, most of them derive from two fundamental audio-compression processes: perceptual techniques based on psychoacoustic models of hearing and predictive techniques, which as their name implies, employ a system of predictive coding. They are therefore known as ADPCM (adaptive-differential-pulse-code-modulation) codecs.
Generally, the higher the compression ratio, the more audio content you lose. With perceptual codecs, such as MP3, AAC, and their derivatives, analysis of the frequency spectrum results in the removal of any content the technology deems imperceptible to the human ear. This technique requires buffering of an audio sample of approximately 512 bytes to perform the analysis. Buffering is often the fundamental source of coding delay. The complexity of the audio can also affect the delay of the encoding process. The psychoacoustic procedure, with its ability to produce high compression ratios and retain reasonably high audio quality, is processor-intensive and therefore not a good approach for power-efficient, battery-powered devices.
ADPCM codecs operate in a different manner, due to their unique characteristics. PCM is the digital representation of an analog signal, wherein regular sampling of the signal magnitude at uniform levels results in quantization to a series of symbols in a digital code. CDs are examples of the implementation of PCM audio. ADPCM involves audio-value encoding as the difference between the current and the previous values, and the quantization step size varies to allow a bandwidth reduction for a given SNR (signal-to-noise ratio).
The ideal scenario for many consumer-electronic and mobile-device companies would be to use Bluetooth and provide full-bandwidth stereo-audio-quality streaming in real time. Only a few companies currently provide products to fulfill this need. Given the issues regarding using psychoacoustic algorithms, you should discount MP3 as a viable technology for wireless transfers. Therefore, you must look at ADPCM-based alternatives. US-based Open Interface North America, for example, in 2003 launched Soundabout eSBC (Enhanced SBC). Based on the same principles as SBC, eSBC allows a 510-kbps data rate and, hence, some quality benefit. However, this higher data rate comes at the expense of power consumption, which can have a significant impact on battery life, and the algorithm offers no latency improvement.
An introduction to computer audio - BluetoothBluetooth - Bluetooth is a protocol allowing low power devices to communicate wireless. With a nominal bandwidth of 3 Mbit/s (2.1 + EDR) it is not suit for bit perfect audio. Due to this limitation it is not possible to send CD quality audio (16 bits/44.1 kHz) over Bluetooth without applying lossy compression.
A2DP - Most of the time the A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile) protocol is used for audio.This profile limits the available maximum bit rate to 320kb/s for mono, and 512kb/s for two-channel modes. It support the following Codecs:
- SBC (subband codec) is mandatory.
- MPEG-1,2 Audio
- MPEG-2,4 AAC
- ATRAC (Sony)
In essence high bit rate MP3 but vendors can implement their own protocols.
APT-X - A proprietary codec by CSR. As it is not a mandatory part of the standard you need both a sender and a receiver supporting this protocol. It is a lossy protocol but said to improve sound quality compared with SBC:
- Compression ratio: 4:1
- Word depth: 16, 20 or 24-bit audio supported
- Data rates: 60 kbps to 576kbps(16-bit 15kHz mono to 24-bit 48kHz stereo)
- Frequency response: 10Hz to 24kHz
- Delay: <1.89ms @ Fs 48KHz
- Dynamic range: 16-bit>92dB, 20-bit>112dB, 24-bit>120dB
- THD+N: -81.1dB (0.008%) (24-bit)
- Sample frequencies: 0-48kHz
- Auxiliary data: Embedded, sample rate dependent up to 1/4 Fs kbps
- AutoSync: Can re-establish connection in 5ms
- Bit error resilience: Up to 1:10,000